DRPSHP

Scientific Reference

Wolverine Stack

Evidence profile: Component evidence only — this formulation has not itself been studied

Rather than a new molecule, Wolverine is two existing peptides, BPC-157 and TB-500, put together in one preparation. BPC-157 has fifteen residues and, according to those who first described it, comes from a sequence in a protein of gastric juice; almost all work on it is in rodents, a good part from one laboratory, and little exists in humans. TB-500 is the synthetic seven-residue chain Ac-LKKTETQ taken from thymosin beta-4, and much of the related research deals with the whole 43-residue protein, not the piece. As far as we know nobody has published a study of the two used together, so the combination has no literature to call its own.

Mechanism of Action

Each component is reported to work through separate routes, and what happens when they are combined has not been examined. For BPC-157 no receptor is known; studies in rodents and cells have connected it with nitric oxide signalling, with VEGFR2 in endothelial cells, and with focal adhesion kinase and paxillin in tendon fibroblasts grown in culture. The TB-500 chain mimics the actin-binding core of thymosin beta-4, a protein which captures monomeric G-actin and so sets the size of the unpolymerised pool; whether the short piece binds in the same way as the protein is not firmly known.

Molecular Information

  • Type: Two-peptide blend

Published Research

  • Thymosin beta 4: A potential novel adjunct treatment for bacterial keratitis

    Sosne G et al. · International immunopharmacology · 2023 · Clinical · Evidence for TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)

    PMID 37018981 — View on PubMed

  • RGN-259 neurotrophic keratopathy phase III

    0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin ß4) Ophthalmic Solution Promotes Healing and Improves Comfort in Neurotrophic Keratopathy Patients in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Masked Phase III Clinical Trial

    Sosne G et al. · International journal of molecular sciences · 2022 · Clinical · Evidence for TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)

    PMID 36613994 — View on PubMed

  • The effect of thymosin treatment of venous ulcers

    Guarnera G et al. · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2010 · Clinical · Evidence for TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)

    PMID 20536470 — View on PubMed

  • A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers

    Ruff D et al. · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2010 · Clinical · Evidence for TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)

    PMID 20536472 — View on PubMed

  • Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians

    Mayfield CK et al. · The American journal of sports medicine · 2026 · Review · Evidence for BPC-157

    PMID 41476424 — View on PubMed

  • From Regeneration to Analgesia: The Role of BPC-157 in Tissue Repair and Pain Management

    Yuan C et al. · International journal of molecular sciences · 2026 · Review · Evidence for BPC-157

    PMID 41898733 — View on PubMed